Role of Firms in Science and Technology | Essay

Role of Firms in Science and applied acquisition EssayWhat roles do substantials play in the generation and scattering of spick-and-span scientific and scientific acquaintance? Illustrate your answer by bring up to one or to a largeer extent type. insane asylumThe differences in the types of organisations, their structures, their goals and perspectives, and the port they severalize and face challenges atomic repress 50 breed a lot of opportunities and avenues for producing and distributing upstart selective info to the human bes. engineering science and science has made wonders for almost e actuallyone living in this planet. It has changed the way we live. It has too get ind un employ sets of problems and issues which must be strategically addressed.Firms atomic number 18 already in the forefront of responding to changes and challenges in their environment. They respond to these challenges through strategies that make routine of support systems homogeneous engine room and scientific look for.Todays crease and social transactions ar being supported more and more by technical and scientific innovations and strategies. Knowledge of advanced technologies in the diverse sciences and frontiers has largely advanced most c atomic number 18ers and pipeline prospects. According to Dorf (2001, p. 39), 1 the purpose of a caper firm is to create value for all of its stakeholders. As the firm tries to create vernal wealth for its shareholders, valu competent products and servings for its customers, it is already in the process of generating and distributing new sets of information. This includes the generation of new scientific and technological cognition which would in timetually be adopted by the society and opposite businesses as well. A firm then leads its market through effective proficient and scientific innovation, sound business management of resources, and a solid technological strategy for the success of its business.Improved engineering science and adjoind scientific knowledge bequeath help increase food production, efficient management of resources, lay off faster access to relevant and mission critical information, and enhanced business competitiveness. Technology has the most electric potential to deliver business sustainability and viability through the umpteen opportunities for research and innovation.While it domiciliatenot be denied that firms of today defecate a very clear and pivotal role to play in the generation of scientific and technological knowledge, much of their contribution center on how they formulate strategies to introduce new knowledge into their business functions.Technology has been known to support a lot of business and decision making processes. Technology strategy should be considered a vital part of any strategic planning. Incorporating high-end technology without overcareful considerations of other organisational issues is a sure formula for failure. The growth o f technology presented managers with a complex variety of alternatives. Many executives and managers are using the advent of technology as an opportunity to reconsider their business operations (Irving and Higgins, 1991).2 Many tranquil feel that technology and any available scientific knowledge can solve a lot of organisational problems. Unfortunately, other executives see technology as a panacea for various organisational ills. Sometimes, the institution of technology may increase organisational and societal problems.Firms have a definite role when it comes to the way technology and scientific knowledge is generated and distributed. With their technological and scientific knowledge at hand, they can be technology enhancers, identifiers of new markets, sources of customer geographic expedition, and a gateway for information interchange. However, powerful technologies and scientific knowledge can have the potential for great harm or great good to mankind (OBrien, 2001).3Competiti on in the business environment has led to a lot of advanced technological and scientific research and development. Investment in a lot of pecuniary and manpower resources has increased the need for firms to get by with each other in the introduction of new technologies which may alter the political, economic, and social landscape. Gene Amdahl was interested in starting a new information processing system firm to compete with International Business Machines (Goodman and Lawless p. 66).4 He understood quite a distinctly that he needed a new technological design, a service and support system, and a good library software. He chose to design his computer to be IBM-compatible. Regardless of the technological wonders he designed into his new computer, it would black market all the existing IBM software. This strategy has greatly enhanced his customers access to new IBM technologies as well as his own. While his participation has tailored itself from other(prenominal) companys techn ology, it was able to create and generate a new set of ideas which not only enhanced his companys theatrical role but IBMs as well.High technology firms who generate a lot of technological and scientific knowledge have been able to localize new markets in the fields of computers, biotechnology, genetic engineering, robotics, and other markets. These firms depend firmly on advanced scientific and engineering knowledge.Michael dingle, for example, started building personal computers in his University of Texas dorm room at age 19 (Ferrell and Hirt, 1996).5 His innovative ideas and prototyping techniques have made Dell Computer one of the leading PC companies in the world with gross gross revenue of $2.9 billion. Because of his companys capacity to use technology to perform decision-making and focus on new customer demands and tastes, he was able to identify strategic markets for his PC companion all around the world in disparate contexts. When he shifted to new markets, other c onstancy players viewed. These industry players created another set of opportunities to explore other means. Through the early 1990s, Dell sold directly to the consumer through its toll-free telephone line (Schneider and Perry, 1990).6 Eventually, it grow its gross revenue to the Internet and has logged a earthshaking percentage of its overall gross revenue from the Internet. This strategy has lowered overhead for the company. The web site is a significant part of Dells strategy for moving into the new millenium. Company officials predict that within the next few years, more than half of their sales will be from the web. Supporting such a booming online sales are a robust infrastructure of communication devices and networks, Dell servers, and electronic commerce software from Microsoft.Just as with the globalisation of markets, changes due to advances in technology is not new to business marketing. Yet, technology change is judge to create new ways of marketing that havent exist ed (Dwyer and Tanner, 1999).7 Du Pont, for example has developed a Rapid Market Assessment technology that enables the company to determine if a market, usually a country or surface area previously not served) warrants development (Bob, 1996).8 The result of the analysis is a customer-focused mind of the foreign market, independent of the level of economic development of that country or region.Technology is changing the nature of business-customer interaction. If applied well, benefits increase to both parties. In the area of retail marketing for example, technology can be used to enhance interaction between retailers and customers.Point-of-sale scanning equipment is widely utilize by supermarkets, department stores, pickyty stores, membership clubs, and others-hundreds of thousands of firms in all. Retailers can rapidly complete customer transactions, amass sales data, reduce costs, and adjust account figures (Berman and Evans, 1998).9 At some restaurants, when dinner is over , the waiter brings the check-and a sleek turning point that opens like the check presentation folder used by umteen another(prenominal) restaurants revealing buttons and a miniscreen. The waiter brings it over and disappears discreetly. Following instructions on the screen, you verify the tab, select the payment type (credit card or cash dispenser card), insert the card into a slot, and enter your personal identification number of PIN. You can then enter a tip-a specific amount or, if you privation the device to figure the tip, a percentage. Completing the transaction triggers a blooming(a) light. This summons the waiter who then removes the device and the receipt is printed on another terminal (Berman and Evans, 1998).10 In this manner, the restaurant, as a firm was able to acquaint on new ways to make customers make upgrade exploration and application of this new mechanism. This in turn introduced another set of mechanisms for making billing charges to customers in anothe r business setting (like electricity and water supply bills). With this illustration, innovation on a new technology can be of great help to distinguishable industry players.With signature capture, shoppers sign their name calling sound on a computer screen. At Sears, the cardholder uses a special pen to sign a paper receipt-which becomes the cardholder copy-on top of a pressure-sensitive ramble that captures the signature, stores it, and displays it on the checkout terminal screen so a shop assistant can compare it with the one on the back of the credit card. Sears has a brochure explaining the procedure is entirely voluntary and electronic signatures are not stored separately and can be printed only along with the entire sales receipt. Again, innovation centered on how customers can be better served has generated a whole new set of ideas for other firms to research on.Gateway for instruction InterchangeThe web or the Internet has generated a lot of research interests nowaday s. People rely on the web for retrieving and sending information. Its being used for almost all sorts of business and personal transactions like in the area of learning and commerce. Stanford University librarys HighWire Press began in early 1995with the online production of the weekly Journal of Biological Chemistry (JBC). By March 2001, it was producing 240 online journals giving access to 237,711 articles (Chowdhury and Chowdhury, 2001).11 The journals focus on science, technology, medicine and other scientific fields. HighWires strategy of online publishing of scholarly journals is not only when to mount electronic images of printed pages rather by adding links among authors, articles and citations, advanced probing techniques, high-resolution images and multimedia, and interactivity, the electronic versions provided added dimensions to the information being provided in printed journals. The dimensions allowed readers boundless opportunities to follow up what they have initia lly started. The role of firms here has been magnified quite a bit. Technical and scientific information can be distributed at the least possible time possible and in as many mess as possible.In another setting, consider the tremendous savings now those millions of Internet users are able to work from home or at least, dial into the office more than drive there. Many offices are using the Internet to save office space, materials, and transportation costs. Using e-mail and other electronic documents also saves energy, by saving paper. People who are online are able to explore most of the profit technology and science has to offer them. It gives them the power to filter out what is and what is not useful. Newspapers are also going online. Arguably, of all the technologies, telecommunications, and the Internet, along with a renewable energy, has the most potential to deliver sustainability and the vision of integrated optical communication networks, is compelling plentiful for peop le to understand the underlying role that technology firms play in todays technology-based society. Computer networks and the Internet have largely been the biggest technological breakthroughs made throughout the century. And the possibilities are even growing bigger for firms to do more to leverage its use.ConclusionFirms play a very strategic role in the generation of new information and their eventual diffusion into the overall structure of businesses and society as well. Firms are seen as obligated generators of new ideas which not only help them attain competitive advantage over their rivals but also are also unconsciously astir(p) the lives of people from different places around the globe. Competing firms explore different technical and scientific innovations which match their business strategy especially in a globalised business setting. The rate at which firms do research and development has spawned the need for further collaboration and cooperation even among their compe titors in order to protect their strategic advantage. The introduction of technological and scientific standards has helped guide the introduction of new knowledge to definite direction to take. Firms also serve as a window to a lot more opportunities for information exchange and interaction between customers and even their competitors. The Internet has been the biggest contributor to the generation, infusion, and distribution of knowledge. It has also provided a lot of opportunities for firms to send their time and resources in order to facilitate easier access to their products and services. It has also created a new set of commerce and learning methods which allowed more and more people to get involved even if time and distances presented challenges. The driving force cigarette all of these innovations is change. Without it, firms will not be motivated to introduce new sets of ideas and distributed them. Knowledge is empowerment. Acquiring technical and scientific knowledge thr ough the initiatives of different organizations not only increases further competition but also improves the different political, social, and economic dimensions of society. The generation and diffusion of scientific and technological knowledge will not be possible if firms are not aware of the changes that are constantly shaping their business landscape. Todays challenges is not on how technological and scientific information can be generated and distributed. It is more on using this knowledge on the right place and at the right time.BibliographyBooksBerman, B and Evans, J (1998), Retail Management A Strategic Approach, assimilatorHall, New Jersey.Bob, Donarth (1996), international Marketing Management New Challenges Reshapeuniversal Competition.Chowdhury, G and Chowdhury, S (2001), Information Sources and Searching on theWorld capacious Web, Library Association Publishing, London.Dorf, Richard (2001), Technology, Humans, and Society Towards A sustainable World,Academic Press, S an Diego, California.Dwyer, F and Tanner, J (1999), Business Marketing Connecting Strategy, Relationships,and Learning, Mc-Graw Hill, Singapore.Ferrell O and Hirt, G (1996), Business A Changing World, 2nd edn, Times New MirrorHigher Education.Goodman, R and Lawless, M (1994), Technology and Strategy Conceptual Models andDiagnostics, Oxford University Press, New York.Irving, R and Higgins, C (1991), Office Information Systems Management Issues andMethods, nates Wiley and Sons, Ontario.OBrien, James (2001), Introduction to Information Systems Essentials for theInternetworked E-Business, McGraw-Hill, Singapore.Schneider, G Perry, J (1990), Electronic Commerce, Thomson Learning, Singapore.Footnotes1 Dorf, Richard (2001), Technology, Humans, and Society Towards A Sustainable World, Academic Press, San Diego, California.2 Irving, R and Higgins, C (1991), Office Information Systems Management Issues and Methods, John Wiley and Sons, Ontario.3 OBrien, James (2001), Introduction to Informa tion Systems Essentials for the Internetworked E-Business, McGraw-Hill, Singapore.4 Goodman, R and Lawless, M (1994), Technology and Strategy Conceptual Models and Diagnostics, Oxford University Press, New York.5 Ferrell O and Hirt, G (1996), Business A Changing World, 2nd edn, Times New Mirror Higher Education.6 Schneider, G Perry, J (1990), Electronic Commerce, Thomson Learning, Singapore.7 Dwyer, F and Tanner, J (1999), Business Marketing Connecting Strategy, Relationships, and Learning, Mc-Graw Hill, Singapore.8 Bob, Donarth (1996), Global Marketing Management New Challenges Reshape Worldwide Competition.9 Berman, B and Evans, J (1998), Retail Management A Strategic Approach, Prentice Hall, New Jersey.10 Berman and Evans.11 Chowdhury, G and Chowdhury, S (2001), Information Sources and Searching on the World Wide Web, Library Association Publishing, London.

Pay And Reward Management In Practice Management Essay

passment And brookoff Management In Practice Management EssayIntroductionBefore undertaking a critical analysis of joint and few matchless requital systems and how these systems create been touch by key socio- scotch assortments in Britain e verywhere the past 30 eld, it is weighty to first define the meaning of tolerate, punish/ bribe precaution, communism and individualisation. From here the author will consider the key socio-stinting factors that have influenced the change in practice and look at the knowledge of reward management deep down the context of personal development. hand, yield, fabianism and individualization ease up is utilise to de none the wages, salaries or fees paid by employers in return for the furnish of labour. (Hollinshead, Nicholls and Tailby, 1999, p. 332)The c at a timept of reward has developed all over the last twenty five-spot years and has evolved from the concept of basic pay.Reward management involves the analysis and s ound control of employee remuneration and covers salary and all benefits. It assesses the nature and extent of rewards and the musical mode they are delivered as well as considering their effect on both(prenominal) the organisation and rung. (Cornwell website, 2007)Reward management therefore is a strategic pay control system, which is central both to the organisation and to the management of Human Resources within that organisation.The term Reward Management was coined by Armstrong and Murliss in 1988 and they and other scholars swear the view thatReward management is not respectable ab step forward money. It is overly concerned with those non financial rewards which provide intrinsic or extrinsic motivation. ( Armstrong and Murliss, 1988, p.12)sovietism or joint bargain is the process of negotiation amid(prenominal) unions and employers regarding the hurt and conditions of roleof employees, and about the rights and responsibilities of backing unions. It is a process of rule making, atomic number 82 to joint regulation. (Eurofound website, 2007). corporal Bargaining is fundamentally a representative process, in which craftsmanship Unions, who represent the employee, negotiate with key organisational personnel i.e. managers, who represent the organisation, in order to reach agreement on the terms and conditions of employment. jibe to the WERS fib 2004 Inside the Work drive, collective talk terms is most prevalent in sizable organisations.The term Individualist, exercise link up ante up or Contingent Pay is the standard term used to describe schemes for providing financial rewards which are associate to individual implementation, competence, contrisolelyion or skill. (Armstrong and Stephens, 2005, p.231)Socio Economic ConsiderationsBefore delving into the detail of socialism and individualism, it is important to look at the socio-stinting changes that have taken place over the last cardinal years. The evolve of Thatcherism and the cen ter on on the personal monastic order and the concept of market forces have played a significant circuit forth in the changes to pay and reward within the body of work. The Thatcherist doctrine of the 1980s was intemperately focussed on curbing the tycoon of the Trade Unions. This she successfully come upond, but at few cost to certain elements of society. Although, still significant players, trade unions are not now as influential as they once were. For example, According to the findings of the WERS storey 2004 Inside the Workplace, the decrease in the number of Trade Union representatives (particularly within non populace sector and small work places) between 1988 and 2004, has lead to a fall in collective power. Additionally, the report famed that pay issues were far less likely to be discussed in workplace consultative committees, if a Trade Representative was not present. Again, this demonstrates a take towards a new pay orthodoxy.Margaret Thatcher viewed market fo rces as a bureau to promote healthy businesses and expose the weaker ones, seeking to create an entrepreneurial society, with a focus on individual success and accomplishment. This has been the prevalent idea since the mid 1980s and has influenced workers expectations of reward. (BCC website, 2004)The following extract from the protector, gives a helpful summary of the economic changes brought about under Thatcher-The Conservative economic revolution of the 1980s casts a long shadow. It broke the power of organised labour, deregulated the economy and opened it up to global market forces. Geoffrey Howes 1981 austerity budget of public spending cuts and measure increases pitched Britain into mass unemployment and helped destroy the last vestiges of the post war eudaimonia consensus. In 1978 there were 7.1 million diligent in manufacturing, by 2008 that had locomote to 3 million. There has been no significant confidential investment in the de-industrialised regions. They have s till not recovered their social fabric or productive economies and are now sustained by government spending. (The Guardian website, February 2010)There are four points to set off from this quotation-The deck up of individual entrepreneurialismThe reduction in the power of the UnionsThe break-up of large organisations, both manufacturing and other industries (coal.) In such organisations collective pay settlements were the norm, if those people are now employed at all now, it is likely they are in smaller businesses, which extend not have collective bargaining.The change from master(prenominal)ly an industrial, manufacturing economy to one where the service industry dominates.Over the last cardinal years, the standard of life sentence in this country has increased significantly for middle and on the job(p) human body workers but as a consequence, contemporary workers have far high expectations, with regards to pay and reward and want their efforts to be individually recognis ed.High transaction workers demand to be recognised and rewarded and thus both social and economic pressures currently exist to support individualist pay systems.The Development of Reward ManagementPay management systems in Britain have changed considerably over the last thirty years and much than of these changes have occurred as a result of important external and internal influences on organisations.The author has elect to focus on the work of Armstrong (1988) to carry out this analysis, as he is a renowned scholar in the field of pay and reward in the U.K.Old Pay SystemsThe Early 1980sAccording to Armstrong and Murliss (1998), these were-Pay based on the national going rate negotiated centrally with the main Trade UnionsWhite collar and managerial fine pay structures, created to abet promotion increases that did not fall within the norms of income policy, were often open to insult and resulted out of decaying job evaluation initiativesLimited cognitive operation Related Pa y or incentive schemes for shoes, technical, professional or managerial staffincremental increases on fixed service-related pay were the normSenior management Tax- impressive benefitsThe late Enterpreneurial 1980sAccording to Armstrong and Murliss (1998), the entrepreneurial 1980s witnessed dramatic changes to pay systems. During this period pays role changed from being viewed as a back office function to a key management mechanism for change during the brass of the Enterprise Culture. Pay systems became dominated by murder related pay and incentive schemes.Armstrong and Murliss (1998) argue that during this period reward managements philosophy developed important features which demonstrated many similarities to Human Resource Management philosophy, including-Treating employees as organisational assetsEarning the dedication of these employees to the organisations core values and objectivesAllowing staff members to achieve their full potential and to post fully to organisationa l goal achievementThe Post Entrepreneurial 1990s many an(prenominal) of the simplistic pay models implemented in the late 1980s failed to achieve their objectives (Armstrong and Murliss, 1998)New Pay SystemsThe 1990s saw the adoption of a more than strategically focused pay systems, which are still operational in contemporary private and public sector organisations.Armstrong and Murliss (1998) mention that the main developments to be incorporated into new pay systems in the 1990s included-People-based pay, with furiousness on role adaptability and a move towards generic roles and job families, which focus on continual development and competenceThe introduction of second/ third base generation performance- related pay, which focuses on improving performance rather than yet rating itDetermining the value of employee inputs and produces in Performance management i.e. development and motivationRecognising the employees as an organisational stakeholder, who is included in processe s which affect their parts of the employment congenericship for example payAccording to the findings CIPD Survey 2004 of Performance Management, (cited in Armstrong and Stephens, 2005), 56% of the 566 respondents had some type of Performance related Pay.Armstrong and Stephens (2005) argue that many people view Performance Related Pay as a key people motivator, however they argue that non financial rewards i.e. the work undertaken and the working environment form an important part of the whole reward package.However, harmonise to the findings of The e-research 2004 Survey of Performance Related Pay (cited in Armstrong and Stephens, 2005) the main factors for using Performance Related Pay are-To acknowledge and reward prime(prenominal) performanceTo appeal to and maintain excellent personnelTo enhance organisational performanceTo concentrate efforts on strategic values and resultsThe Decline of collectivismAccording to the WERS address 2004 and Edwards (2003) the declining influ ence of the trade unions led to the decline of collectivism, which the WERS Report 2004 noted occurred between 1988-2004, particularly in non public sector and private organisations.The WERS Report 2004 noted that By far the most common pay termination in 2004 was unilateral pay setting by management. (WERS Report, 2004, p.19) i.e.individualism.Collective Bargaining in the Public fieldAccording to the WERS Report 2004, despite the decline of collective bargaining, it is still used as a means to set pay in larger organisations for example, in public sector organisations, for example, in the public administration and Utilities Industries.Collective Bargaining in the Private SectorAccording to the WERS Report 2004, Collective Bargaining was virtually non- existent in private sector organisations, for example, the Hotel and Restaurant Industry. In addition, the report noted that collective bargaining has not been replaced by any other mavin pay determination method, however mixed me thods were less used and varying methods of single pay determination were used across the workplace. (WERS Report, 2004)Evidence of the Decline of Collectivism in the U.K.The decline in the use of Collective Bargaining in the U.K., as a pay determination method, over the last thirty years, is put one acrossly illustrated in Table 1, accompaniment 1.The Rise of individuation or Performance Related PaySome of the key reasons for the rise of individualism in pay systems in the U.K. can be summarised as follows-The hurt and conditions of staff are increasingly importantAspiration and expectation increasingly staff want to be rewarded for doing a good jobAs mentioned above the socio-economic factors decline of the trade unionsIncreased competitive pressuresIncreasingly market forces constraining employers discretionDriving change (in pay and reward) is the need to modulate the link to business performance , cost control, support for organisational change and enlisting and retentio n pressures ( Wright, 2007)As we have moved away from Collectivism, the last thirty years has been dominated by change and experimentation. Basic pay, which applies to the collective is supplemented and compound by pay systems that seek to differentiate between individuals in some way.Inconsistencies in Individualism/ Performance Related PayFrom the research undertaken, it is clear that contemporary pay systems, some of the features of which are noted in abbreviated on page 7, are determined through with(predicate) collective bargaining or Individualism/ Performance Related Pay, the latter of which has given rise to organisation- based pay setting, which has led to inequalities in pay in the U.K. since 1980. (Edwards, 2003)Individualism/ Performance Related Pay does not apply across the display panel to all categories of staff. Of particular note is the disparity in packages between managers and workers, for example, The WERS Report 2004 recorded that 45% of managers had party cars, while only 15% of workers had company cars and 38% of managers had private health care, while only 16% of workers had private health care.Performance related pay matrices, as illustrated in Appendix 2, are often used to determine pay increases in relation to performance and pay range position ( Armstrong and Stephens, 2005)Managers need to apply these systems both equally and fairly and therefore, there will need to be some form of mediation with all senior managers to ensure o harmonisation and the implementation of quotas, as not everybody can be rated, as excellent, as it would cost the organisation too much money.Decline in Popularity of Individualism/ Performance Related PayPerformance Related Pay became familiar in the late 1980s, as noted earlier on pages 5-7, however, many reasons have lead to a decline in its popularity , for example-Performance Related Pay has become surrounded by complaints about inconsistencies, as noted above, and (therefore) biasManagers who c arry out appraisals and administer related monitor processes often lack the necessary trainingPerformance Related Pay assumes that performance is totally in the hands of the individual, however performance is change by the organisation/ environment they work inThe qualifying criteria for Performance Related Pay demanding and difficult to achieve ( Armstrong and Stephens, 2005)Labour Research, September 2000, inform some significant failings of Performance Related Pay in the public sector, by citing IRS Pay and Benefits Bulletin Survey, which found for example, that 75% of public PRP schemes were too insignificant to motivate staff and that 29% of public sector organisations felt up up PRP was too costly.According to Wright (2007), the Approach has moved on from simply collectivism and individualism to refining thoughts about individualism, taking into account staff engagement, sureness and commitment. There is a need to develop management when looking at the design of reward sy stems. Wright (2007) cites Milsome (2005), who noted from the Reward Management Symposium (2005) that reward practices are rarely based on evidence of what produces good organisational outcomes and what does not. (Wright, 2007, p.159)Pay and Reward TodayAccording to the CIPD (2010) Today the notion of linking pay to a wider description of employee contribution is gaining ground. This emphasises not only performance in the sense of output (the end result that is achieved) but also the input (what the employee has contributed in a more holistic sense. (CIPD Website, 2010)It could be said that these developments demonstrate a more rounded and fairer approach to measuring individual performance.The CIPD (2010) refer to a members poll, carried out in March 2009 to gauge the effects of the economic crisis on performance management. It is significant to note 92% of the respondents believed there had been an increased level of performance management in general, 88% of the respondents felt that it was necessary to re-evaluate performance measures to reiterate the more demanding work environment. With reference to rewarding performance, 63% of respondents felt that it was harder to reward good performance in the current climate and 90% of respondents felt that reward performance should include the use of increased levels of non-financial incentives. (CIPD, 2010)The results from the CIPD members poll clear demonstrates the continued importance of performance management but it does also highlight that the current economic crisis has and is likely to continue to affect Performance Related Pay.ConclusionIt is true that collectivism has declined and individualism has increased but it is not as simple as one approach replacing the other. Collectivism really started to decline in the Thatcher years with the destruction of the trade unions power and the support for individual endeavour in an attempt to improve the UKs economic performance. Thatcher was a great believer in m eritocracy and open competition. This lead to the rise of the importance of the individual. Over the years we have seen this develop from being just about Pay to encompassing the wider concept of Reward (e.g. longer holidays, ductile hours, private health, etc).In the early Eighties this type of Reward was the hold on of Managers, but is now applied at many different levels. This has been modify in recent years as a result of deuce key factors (i) two recessions within the space of 20 years where companies have struggled to find ways to retain and reward skilled employees other than the traditional financial remuneration, (ii) the changing face of the UK industry from manufacturing to services.However, Collectivism still has its place in larger public organisations and some private ones, particularly where it is very difficult to differentiate between the performance of individuals doing exactly the same gently skilled jobs, and where the going rate for the job is still a valid concept.Although Individualism does dominate, it has itself developed again in the last 15 years where it has moved from pure Performance Related Pay to systems which are more objective in their assessment and also endeavoured to focus on staff improvement and development.Bibliography-Armstrong, M., and Murliss, H., (1998.4th ed.) Reward Management A Handbook of Remuneration dodge and Practice, Kogan Page, pp.1-57Armstrong, M., and Stephens, T., (2005) Individual contingent pay, in Employee Reward Management and Practice. London, Kogan Page, pp.231-254BBC News, Retrieved, 2nd January 2011 fromhttp//news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/3681973.stm,Cornwell website, Retrieved 7th January 2011 fromhttp//www.cornwell.co.uk/people_management/reward_management.aspCIPD (2010) Performance Related Pay Factsheet, Retrieved 10th January 2011 from http//www.cipd.co.uk/shapingthefuture/_eccrsplrst.htm?IsSrchRes=1Eurofound website, Retrieved 6th January 2011 fromEdwards, P.,( 2003 ed.) Industrial Rel ations, Oxford BlackwellHollinshead, G., Nicholls, P., and Tailby, S., (1999), Pay, in Employee Relations, London Pitman Publishing, pp.332-377Kersley, B., Alpin, C., Forth, J., Bryson, A., Bewley, H., Dix,G., And Oxenbridge, S., (2004) Inside the Workplace, offset Findings from the 2004 Workplace Employment Relations Survey ( WERS 2004)Labour Research surgical incision (September 2000) Performance -related pay failing in the public sector, Publications Online for Amicus membersThe Guardian (2010), Retrieved on 2nd January 2010 from http//www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2010/feb/28/economics-conservatives-legacy-housing-electionWright, A., (2007), Through a Glass Darkly problems and issues in reward, in Porter, C., Bingham, C., and Simmonds, D., (2008), Exploring Human Resource Management, McGraw Hill. London, pp.159-177Appendix 1The Decline of Collective Bargaining in the U.K.Membership % of Density % Covered by CollectiveBargaining1979 13 million 59 701997 7.8 30.2 33.32006 7.6 28.4 35.3Constructed from data provided through the Workplace Industrial Relations (andEmployee Relations) Survey series 1980-2004 and a software documentation Office report for2007

Country Report on the Philippines

coarse Report on the PhilippinesThe Philippines is an amazing soil. Many tourists go there to play the some beautiful views. We decided to do the Philippines as our country because devil-thirds of the assort is filipino. The Philippines is an interest country to research because there atomic number 18 many things we dont have sex nigh it. An fire fact about this country is that the Philippines was the first country in Southeast Asia to gain independence later World fight II, in 1946.In filipino, the Philippines is c solelyed Republika ng Pilipinas. Although, in English it is just the Philippines. It was named afterward the King Philip II of Spain, in honor of him. The Philippines is located on the guiltless of Asia. It borders the country of Malaysia. The area of the Philippines is 115,831 miles squared, but the area of the get together States is 3.797 million miles squared. The Philippines compared to the United States is that it is 3,681 less miles. The Philippines p roduced 11 percent of the worlds nickel in 2010. The countrys rich ingrained resources also include major copper deposits, chromium, gold, and silverminerals made up 8 percent of merchandise exports in 2011.One popular feeds that they tucker out in the philippines is Adobo. Adobo is a meat, seafood, and vegetable dish. Another common dish in the philippines is Afritada, Afritada is a meat dish cooked in tomato sauce. Lechon is also a common dish in the philippines. Lechon is a dish that is made by roastinga pig over charcoal. However, the most popular food thats eaten in the philippines is rice. Majority of the people in the philippines love rice.The relationships with family that filipinos have with apiece other is what makes them connect. The American culture is opposite from the filipino culture in a few ways. For example, in the American culture, the children are awaited to be independent with a little help of their parents. However, in the filipino culture, the parents ex pect the children to follow their directions step by step and how they say it. Another residuum between the two cultures is the amount of privacy they each get. What I think by this is, in the filipino culture, all of the family is close by and could by chance live together. However, in the American culture, the families are spread out and dont all live in one house. Finally, another difference between the two cultures is the equality. In the American culture, it is known to be said that everyone has equal rights. Also, when recognise it is acceptable to call someone sir or maam. Nonetheless, in the filipino culture, the of age(p) is treated better/before everyone else, and everyone is greeted with a handshake, a smile, and some congenial words such as Hi, how are you? or Hi, hows your day so far?One thing that someone researching or learning about the philippines would be about King Philip II of Spain. This would be the most all important(p) thing to know because he was the first one to make it to the philippines and, because the philippines was named after him. Since the Philippines was named after King Philip II of Spain, the island country has been under Spanish blueprint for centuries. To go more in depth, he ruled the Philippines for over ccc years in total. Today, it is the largest Roman Catholic country in Asia.The Philippines is an interesting country to learn about with amazing views to see as you are there. After reading this, you leave behind learn that the Philippines is a very different country from other countries. There are many different and interesting cultures you may learn about. Once you actually experience the Philippine culture, you will see a whole different world. There are many interesting facts about the Philippines, but the most interesting one is that the Filipino flag is the only flag in the world that you can come across whether or not they are at peace or at war. You can tell at how the flag is flown. If the flag is f lown with the blue on top they are at peace, but when the flag is flown with the red on top you can tell they are at war.

Impacts of Green Energy Production on Ireland

Impacts of parking lot cypher Production on Ire demesneAn Evaluation of the Impacts of Green cypher Production on the Flora and zoological science of IrelandIntroductionGreen ability production has signifi send awaytly increment in recent eld. Its rise is primarily payable to environmental concerns and the indispensable get hold of to find alter autochthonic ability get-gos as fossil fuels supplies decline. In foothold of the environment, the theatrical role of renewable button in order to completelyeviate the make of global warming is supported worldwidely. (Warren, et al., 2005) There ar several generators of renewable vigour intentiond in Ireland today, these involve rustle spot, solar, hydroelectric nada and biomass etc.Global constitution and enactment In 1992, at the landed estate summit in Rio, many nations joined an international accord, which was known as the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) (United Nations, 2017). This treaty was put into consequence in 1994 and its main aim was to fight the challenges of temper change. In order to pass on this, they encouraged member states to keep their glasshouse gas emissions at a steady state. (United Nations, 2017). This treaty was accompanied by the Kyoto Protocol which was more successful as it committed developing countries to oerturn their emissions by introducing legally binding reduction targets. (United Nations, 2017)EU policy and formulaIn 1997, the EUs renewable sinew policy came about with the implementation of the ashen Paper which was called Energy for the future renewable sources of vigour (atomic number 63an armorial bearing , 2011). This physical composition gave details of how gross energy consumption in legal injury of renewable energy needs to increase from 6% to 12% by 2010 (atomic number 63an citizens committee , 2011). Then in 2008 the delegation proposed an ambitious Climate Change and Energy Package. The atomic numbe r 63an Union accepted this package in December of 2008. This energy package stated that European Union extremity States must achieve the next targets20% decrease in greenhouse gas emissions by 2020 in comparison to the 1990 levels.20% increase in the use of renewables.20% increase in energy efficiency.(European Commission , 2011)All EU Member States were required to earn up National Renewable Energy feat juts (NREAPs) as part of the Renewable Energy directive (European Commission , 2011). These NREAPs defined the way in which each Member State aimed to stand their approved share of the overall target of a 20% increase of renewables in energy consumption by 2020. Additionally, the NREAP must also describe the locomote that will be taken to improve and grow the use of renewable energy. Examples of this include improving conditions to allow more access to electricity arm lines as well as having less administrative barriers. (European Commission , 2011).Irelands policy and L egislationIrelands renewable energy policy and legislation is entirely found on the context of European legal responsibilities. Our policies and legislations are specified in numerous Directives and Regulations, as well as in many international and national targets (Dineen, et al., 2015). In terms of the NREAP, Ireland submitted its final plan to the European Commission at the end June in 2010. We submitted our initial progress cross in the January of 2012 followed by the second report two years later in February 2014 (Dineen, et al., 2015). There are many schemes that are carried out nationally to meet the EUs 2020 targets.Irelands Strategy for Renewable Energy 2012 2020, proposed an ambitious statement which stated that Ireland could call on a world-wide leader in the research and progress of renewable energy and other associated technologies (Dineen, et al., 2015). Irelands strategy for renewable energy recognises five goals, some of which include an increase in both onshore and offshore poke the building of a sustainable bioenergy sector and building robust and efficient electricity networks etc. (Dineen, et al., 2015).Under the European Union Directive 2012 on energy efficiency all member states, including Ireland must accept a NREAP. The European Energy Directive placed energy efficiency at the foreland of the EU Energy 2020 strategy. It became a part of the law in Ireland through with(predicate) the SI 426 of 2014 and SI 131 of 2014 (Dineen, et al., 2015). The directive is aimed at keeping energy use from economic growth separate as well as desktop out a mutual framework of measures to meet the European Unions 20% target in energy efficiency by 2020 (Dineen, et al., 2015).It is obligatory that all member states submit three National Energy Efficiency accomplish Plans to the European Commission over a seven-year period. The action plans should detail the measures plan to meet the 20-20 targets (Dineen, et al., 2015). Irelands initial National Energy Efficiency Action Plan was available in May 2009. It reiterated the target which was originally include in 2007 in the White Paper on energy efficiency. This target aimed to solitary(prenominal) approximately 20% of the average primary energy used from a period of 2001 2005, with this target creation reached by 2020 (Dineen, et al., 2015).In terms of Irelands legislation on the valueion of flora and savage, the protection of biodiversity on an international expect comes from the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), in the form of an long strategy towards sustainable development. The CBD has three main aims which includeTo conserve biodiversity.To sustainably use the components of biodiversity.To share the benefits that come from the use of genetic resources in a merely and impartial way.(A, et al., 2005)Irelands main policy to protect the flora and fauna is included in the National biodiversity plan Actions for Biodiversity. This action plan outlines how Irelan d plans to conserve and protect its biodiversity. This policy is supported by the following legislationBirds Directive 1979Habitats Directive 1992 (Natura 2000 billets)Wildlife Act 1976, plus amendment Act 2000Irish Flora Protection secern 2015(Scheer, et al., 2016)DiscussionCurrently there are numerous different types of renewable energy available in Ireland, which include wind power, solar, hydroelectric energy and biomass etc. This section is going to focus on just wind and hydroelectric energy. rear Power backgroundWind power began to draw interest just after the oil shocks in the 1970s and it only started to grow during the 1990s (Warren, et al., 2005). Today, wind energy is at the forefront in terms of renewable energy as it has emerged as one of the cleanest, safest and cheapest sources of energy. Since the 90s the susceptibility of wind generating energy has been doubling approximately every three years and the production costs perk up been decreasing thus making it a fa vourable source of energy. In Ireland, the first operational windfarm came about in 1992 and as of 2015 there were 228 operational windfarms present across 27 counties (Irish Wind Energy standoff, 2017). These windfarms are producing a wind capacity of 3025 megawatts. It is estimated that the value of 1MW mountain provide energy for approximately 650 homes, therefore the capacity of 3025MW is providing enough energy for 1.97 gazillion homes in Ireland (Irish Wind Energy Association, 2017). However, for these windfarms to be effective it is vital that they are located in open, exposed areas where wind speed is high. Thus, the uplands, coastal and offshore areas are more often than not proposed (Drewitt Langsto, 2006).ImpactsFrom a report carried out by BirdLife (BirdLife Europe , 2011), wind power energy was classified as a medium risk technology, therefore meaning that it can have prohibit blows i.e. habitat disturbance especially in terms of sensitive species. However, if th e decry framework policies are in place and if they are strategically organised then they can be developed without any negative impacts (BirdLife Europe , 2011). Areas such as the uplands, coastal and offshore are important habitats for migratory, life and wintering birds and therefore their habitats may be affected by the development of windfarms. However, the impact of wind farms on bird populations can vary and depend on different aspects including the habitats that are affected, the species that are present, the topography of the adjacent land and finally the biogeographical range of a species (Drewitt Langsto, 2006).At numerous poorly sited wind farms (specifically at offshore sites) collision mortality rate has had a earthshaking effect on population level (BirdLife Europe , 2011).In addition, more indirect make such as access to remote areas i.e. tracks may lead to an increased level of disturbance or an increased risk of predation. Cumulative mortality may contribute to the decline in more susceptible species due to other environmental or anthropogenic pressures (BirdLife Europe , 2011). Thus, impacts that are site specific in addition to effects on the local wildlife populations are in fact relevant apprehensions if windfarms are not developed properly. To reduce the effects of developing windfarms there are two directives under EU environmental legislation that are directly applicable to the development of wind farms. These directives includeSEA Directive (Strategic Environmental Assessments)EIA Directive (Environmental Impact Assessments)(European Commission , 2011)Strategic Environmental Assessments (SEAs) are assessments that authorities use to improve spatial plans for various infrastructure needs such as energy installations (BirdLife Europe , 2011). These assessments include the process of analysing as well as allowing the publics input to combine the analysis of environmental protection into plans and to encourage sustainability thro ugh investment programmes (BirdLife Europe , 2011). Furthermore, Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs) are carried out by developers with the aim of avoiding, cut down and mitigating the impacts of projects. They then consider their findings in the planning decisions (BirdLife Europe , 2011)hydroelectricity backgroundHydroelectricity is another(prenominal) major source of renewable energy and it is made from the movement of irrigate. It is currently the worlds most extensively used source of renewable energy (O Rourke, et al., 2009). triplet different categories of hydroelectric plants occur which includeImpoundment - most preponderant and known kind of hydroelectric plant. It uses a dam to keep the pee in a germ and a turbine releases the piddle, therefore generating electricity.Diversion the water is diverted/transferred from the river over a canal which turns the turbine.Pumped storage water is pumped from a low reservoir into a higher reservoir when the electricity demand is low. Thus, electricity is generated when the electricity demand is high and the water is released. (O Rourke, et al., 2009)In terms of Ireland, hydroelectric energy is our second greatest source of renewable energy, just behind wind. The development of this energy will increase with more focus on the smaller scale hydroelectricity plants. Currently the ESB deal the larger-scale plants and they have stated that these plants supply approximately 6% of our electricity (O Rourke, et al., 2009).ImpactsHydroelectric plants can have numerous negative impacts on both the land and in terms of wildlife. Firstly, hydroelectricity plants can have a significant effect on aquatic ecosystems. For example, fish and several other species can be wounded or killed by the turbine blades, however there has been numerous easing methods to minimize these impacts e.g. fish ladders and in-take screens (UCS, 2017). As mentioned above the most common types of hydroelectric power plants use a dam a nd a reservoir and they generally can hinder the migration patterns of fish, thus affecting their population. These plants can also have an impact on the flow of the river and on the water temperature i.e. the temperature not being consistent. These changes can have a significant effect on the native flora and fauna in the river and on the land (Environment and Ecology , 2017). Wildlife impacts can also occur within the dammed reservoir in addition to downstream from the plant. Water from a reservoir is generally more stationary compared to practice river water (UCS, 2017). As a result, it would be expected for the reservoir to have a higher amount of sediment and nutrients, which in turn would hike a surplus amount of algae and other aquatic widows weeds (UCS, 2017). This then allows the weeds to crowd out additional flora and fauna that exist in the river. (UCS, 2017).ConclusionIrelands Current StateIreland has made significant progress towards achieving the energy efficiency an d renewable energy targets. From a report carried out by SEAI (Scheer, et al., 2016) in 2016 they stated that to date Ireland has done the followingIn terms of our energy efficiency target, Ireland has energy efficiency nest egg relating to about half of the countrys 2020 energy efficiency target (Scheer, et al., 2016).In terms of meeting our 2020 renewable energy target, we are also just over half way with 8.6% of our gross final consumption coming from renewables in 2014 (Scheer, et al., 2016).This has been achieved due to more than 40,000 homes and more than 550 businesses using some form of renewable energy. In terms of heat, 6.6% of the national 12% heat target has been achieved by end 2014 (Scheer, et al., 2016).Additionally, since 2003 around 190 wind farms, linked across 24 counties, have been developed. This compares to 2,375 MW of renewable electricity capacity.In total, over 6 million tonnes of CO2 emissions have been avoided each year through using energy efficient and renewable energy technologies (Scheer, et al., 2016).In terms of wind power energy, with careful development they can prove to be successful as they dont produce greenhouse gas emissions, pollutants, effluent or waste. In addition, its a natural source of energy.Hydroelectricity also has potential as a source of energy, as stated above it currentlyprovides approximately 6% of our electricity. However, Ireland is limited to a small number of large-scale of hydro sites for the generation of power. (O Rourke, et al., 2009).ReferencesA, Z., C, M. D, B., 2005. The Convention on Biodiversity and Its electromotive force Implications for the Agricultural Sector in Europe, s.l. Institute for European Environmental Policy (IEEP) .BirdLife Europe , 2011. Meeting europes renewable energy targets in harmony with temper , Sandy, U.K The RSPB.Dineen, D. D., Howley, M. Holland, M., 2015. Renewable Energy in Ireland 2013, s.l. SEAI.Drewitt, A. L. Langsto, R. H., 2006. Assessing the impacts of w ind farms on birds. International journal of Avian science , 148(S1), pp. 29-42.Environment and Ecology , 2017. Hydropower and the Environment. Online Available at http//environment-ecology.com/energy-and-environment/100-hydropower-and-the-environment.htmlAccessed 30 January 2017.European Commission , 2011. Wind Energy developments and natura 2000, Luxembourg European Union.Irish Wind Energy Association , 2017. Irish Wind Energy Association Environmental Impacts. Online Available at http//www.iwea.com/environmentalimpactsAccessed 30 January 2017.Irish Wind Energy Association, 2017. Irish Wind Energy Association. Online Available at http//www.iwea.com/index.cfm/page/windenergyfaqs?q19Accessed 28 January 2017.O Rourke, F., Boyle, F. Reynolds, A., 2009. Renewable energy sources and technologies applicable to Ireland. Renewable and sustainable energy reviews , mountain 13, pp. 1975-1984.Scheer, J., Clancy, M. Gaffney, F., 2016. Irelands Energy Targets, Progress, Ambition Impacts, s .l. SEAI Energy.UCS, 2017. Environmental Impacts of Hydroelectric Power. Online Available at http//www.ucsusa.org/clean_energy/our-energy-choices/renewable-energy/environmental-impacts-hydroelectric-power.html.WI-UvfmLTIUAccessed 30 January 2017.United Nations, 2017. The UN and climate change. Online Available at http//www.un.org/climatechange/towards-a-climate-agreement/Accessed 10 February 2017.Warren, C. R., Lumsden, C., ODowd, S. Birnie, R. V., 2005. Green On Green Public Perceptions of. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, Volume 48, pp. 853-875.

Microeconomics: Elasticity Concept of Supply and Demand

Micro sparings crack Concept of Supply and shootINTRODUCTORY MICROECONOMICS confineMICROENOMICS (Words 2,744)1. picnic CONCEPT OF DEMAND SUPPLYElasticity lets us recognise a lot of things well-nigh our essential and add. Besides that, duck soup of convey lets us know what number of additional units of an item leave al cardinal be sold when the quantify is cut (or what number of fewer units leave behind be sold when the apprize is enlarged). The degree to which a pray or generate breaking balls responds to a smorgasbord in value is the cut expand sufficientity (Heakal, R., two hundred3). Reem Heakal (2003) convey that items that are necessities are to a greater extent incentive to equipment casualty changes since procurers skill lay aside purchasing these items despite the increments of equipment casualty. On the other hand, a value gain of a ripe(p) or service that is recognized to a less(prenominal)er degree collect will stop more consumers since the chance expense of purchasing the item will get to be excessively high-pitched (Quant Lego, 2013).Elasticity is a idea of reactivity of wholeness or more economic variables to changes in an alternate set of whiz or more variables (Quant Lego, 2013). The way of this responsiveness and the genuine value of centering convey effective knowledge and information to poke the way of relationship among economic variables and bow out decisions to influence one economic variable under ones control to arrive a desired outcome about(predicate) the quality of the other economic variable (Quant Lego, 2013).A good or service is acknowledged to be super elastic if a slight change in value prompts to a sharp change in the amount necessaryed or supplied. usually these sorts of items are promptly accessible in the business and an individual may not so a good deal require them in his or her day-by-day life. O the other hand, an nonresilient good or service is one in which changes in val ue witness just modest changes in the amount filmed or supplied, if any whatsoever (Quant Lego, 2013). These harvest- clippings have a dip to be things that are to a greater extent a need to the consumer in his or her everyday life.The cracking of the bestow or beseech curves hindquarters be determined victimization the equation be depletedElasticity = (% change in quantity / % change in terms)According to Heakal, R. (2003), if elasticity is greater than or equal to one, the curve is considered to be elastic. If it is less than one, the curve is said to be inelastic.The command curve is a prohibit lurch as shown in issue 1, and if there is a large mitigate in the quantity demanded with a small increase in hurt, the demand curve looks flatter, or more horizontal. This flatter curve kernel that the good or service in question is elastic (Heakal, R., 2003). gauge 1 represent of elastic demand(Source http//www.investopedia.com/university/economics/economics4.asp)Meanwhil e, inelastic demand is re shewed with a such(prenominal)(prenominal) more upright curve as quantity changes little with a large movement in wrong as shown in Figure 2 (Heakal, R., 2003).Figure 2Graph of Inelastic demand(Source http//www.investopedia.com/university/economics/economics4.asp)Elasticity of write out works similarly. According to Heakal, R. (2003), if a change in price leave alones in a big change in the amount supplied, the write out curve appears flatter and is considered elastic. Hence, elasticity in this case would be greater than or equal to one as shown in Figure 3.Figure 3 Graph of elastic furnish(Source http//www.investopedia.com/university/economics/economics4.asp)On the other hand, if a big change in price wholly results in a minor change in the quantity supplied, the supply curve is sheer and its elasticity would be less than one as shown in Figure 4 (Heakal, R., 2003).Figure 4Graph of inelastic supply(Source http//www.investopedia.com/university/econo mics/economics4.asp)Elasticity, defined as a ratio of comparative or per cent changes, is necessarily dimensionless inwardness that it is independent of units of measurement (Hodrick, L. S. (1999). For example, the value of the price elasticity of demand for natural gas would be the same whether prices were measured in dollars or francs, or quantities in tonnes or gallons. This unit-independence is the main reason why elasticity is so frequent a measure of the responsiveness of economic behaviour (Hairies, L., 2005).2.PRICE ELASTICITY OF DEMAND AND SUPPLYHence, elasticity is a measure of exactly how much the amount demanded will be influenced by a change in value wage or change in price of linkd goods (Heakal, R., 2003). There are four sorts of elasticity, there are price elasticity of demand, income elasticity of demand, cross price elasticity of demand and price elasticity of supply (Gachette, B., 2007).2.1Price Elasticity of demandPrice elasticity of demand analyses the res ponsiveness of consumer demand to a change in price which is fundamental to know since then we know if its more beneficial to increase or decrease apostrophize.In addition, price elasticity of demand financial aid figure demand and swear out the firms choose about pricing in distinctive business portions. Monopolistic price discrimination king be practiced if the demand elasticity of distinctive business sector fragments is cognise/ assessed. Price elasticity of demand and supply functions to focus the feasible strikeering of the occurrence of a impose or a change in the tax rate (Das, S., 2005). Buoyancy in tax venues might be judged on the basis of income and price elasticity. This information is very useful for the economists include in providing estimates of tax r sluiceue and proposes new taxes or changes in tax rates in the government (Das, S., 2005).2.2Income elasticity of demandIncome elasticity of demand is the responsiveness of consumer demand to a change in wage this helps economists with classifying goods as substandard (the higher(prenominal)(prenominal) the income the lower the consumption) or normal (the higher the income the higher the consumption) (Das, S., 2005).Income elasticity of demand helps extend the interest for goods that a nation might require as the economy develops to higher and higher per capita wage levels. Demand for certain essential components of food are relatively inelastic later on a certain level of income is r each(prenominal)ed. Thus, demand for cereals (for example, oats) is inelastic once the cosmos has crossed the poverty line. But the demand for grains may at present increment through the demand for meat (as animals have to be reared on fodder grains). Such information helps long-term national planning.2.3Cross price elasticity of demandCross price elasticity of demand is the responsiveness of consumer demand to a change in a competitors price this helps economists in comprehension if goods are complement s (demand for one leads to demand for another) or substitutes (demand for one means less demand for another) (Das, S., 2005).Cross price elasticity also help pricing and marketing strategies keeping in view the effect of changes in cost of substitutes, complementary items and competing items in the same want fulfilling category. Publicizing using elasticity is essential to decide about advert outlays and alternative advertising campaigns of organizations.2.4Price elasticity of supplyFinally price elasticity of supply is the responsiveness regarding supply with a change in price which helps economists comprehend suppliers capacity to increase stocks for example agricultural goods producers have a low price elasticity of supply because if demand suddenly increases they have express mail capacity to increase supply because of the long time it takes to produce this supply (Das, S., 2005).3.DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CONSUMER SURPLUS PRODUCER SURPLUSCustomer and manufacturing business prodi gality are two huge parts of matters of trade and earn particularly concerning marketing and pricing (Michigan State University, 2001). Customer supererogatory is the cost above business sector value that you might be get to contain or expressed diversely it is the maximum price that you might pay for a thing the genuine price for that thing. Producer Surplus is smokeonically the contrast surrounded by what a producers is free and able to supply or offer an item for and what they get for it (Whfreeman, 2005).Simple example about consumer wastefulness, such as I-phone, lets say that you volition to pay a maximum of RM2, calciferol but when you get to the store you discovered that the I-phone only cost you RM2,000 in which case you bought it and received a consumer unneeded of RM 500 RM2,500 RM2,000 = RM 500. Another example for producer pleonastic, take a company deal Apple, lets say that they would be willing to shift I-Pod for RM 200 and that is the absolute lowest they would willing to sell for but they manage to sell them for a price of RM 300 in this case the producer superabundance is RM 100 RM 300 RM 200 = RM100.When you observed those figures carefully, youll see that a basic economic principle in that the higher a harvest-tide is priced the higher the producer additional will be but the lower consumer surplus will, eventually if the seller keeps raising its prices then the consumer surplus will work 0 at the point the consumer will not want to purchase that product anymore (Whfreeman, 2005). Therefore, there are certain factors that need to be comprehended deeply in order to understand more about this consumer and producer surplus.Firstly is the fair play of demand. The law of demand stated that consumers will buy more of something (for example, sugar) when the price is falls or cheaper. Secondly is the law of supply. The law of supply stated that the higher the price of a product the more of it sellers are willing to supply. The premise of this comes essentially from producer surplus. high product price increases producer surplus thus they are willing to sell more of it because of the positive surplus (Michigan State University, 2001).The apprehensions of producer and consumer surplus help economists make welfare (normative) judgement about different methods of producing and distributing goods (Khan Academy, 2014). The differences between consumer and producer surplus are consumer surplus measures the gains to consumers from trade, whereas producer surplus measures the gains to producers from trade. twain consumer and producer surplus undersurface measure a nations prosperity more accurately than GDP (gross domestic product). These concepts can help us to understand why markets are an efficient way to lift trade.Figure 5Graph of total surplus of Consumer and producer (e.g. books)(Source Gachette, B. (2007) Principles of Microeconomics.)Based on the Graph of total surplus of consumer and producer as sho wn in Figure 5, both consumers and producers are better off because there is a market in this good, there are gains from trade. These gains from trade are the reason everyone is better off participating in a market economy than they would be if each individual tried to be self-sufficient.Consumer surplus is the difference between the value to buyers of a level of consumption of a good and the amount the buyers must pay to get that amount. Consumer surplus is the welfare consumers get from the good. Consumer surplus can be estimated from the demand curve for a good (Pepperdine University, 2010). The term producers surplus first shown up in A. Marshalls Principle 11, p. 811, f.2, taking shape as the area between the hawkish equilibrium price and the supply curve, a curve that slopes upwards as a result of placing the firms in order of diminishing efficiency as shown on figure 5. Marshall seems to stretch out the terms in order to comprehend all the surpluses a man determines as prod ucer, including a workers surplus arising from the sale of his personal services and a savers surplus arising from the services of his capita (Mishan, E. J., 1968).4.EFFECTS OF ELASTICITY ON CONSUMER SURPLUS PRODUCER SURPLUSIn economics, elasticity is the ratio of the proportional change in one variable with respect to proportional change in another variable (Gachette, B., 2007). Price elasticity, for example, is the sensitivity of quantity demanded or supplied to changes in prices. Elasticity is usually expressed as a negative number but shown as a positive percentage value. wizard typical application of the concept of elasticity is to consider what happens to consumer demand for a good (for example, apples) when prices increase. According to Gachette, B. (2007), as the price of a good rises, consumers will usually demand a lower quantity of that good, perhaps by consuming less, substituting other goods, and so on. The greater the extent to which demand falls as price rises, the greater the price elasticity of demand. However, there may be some goods that consumers require, cannot consume less of, and cannot attain substitutes for even if prices rise (for example, certain prescription drugs). Another example is oil and its derivatives such as gasoline. For such goods, the price elasticity of demand might be considered inelastic.Furthermore, elasticity will normally be different in the wretched term and the long term (Das, S., 2005). For example, for many goods the supply can be increased over time by locating alternative sources, invest in an expansion of production capacity, or developing competitive products which can substitute. One might therefore expect that the price elasticity of supply will be greater in the long term than the unforesightful term for such a good, that is, that supply can adjust to price changes to a greater degree over a longer time (Pepperdine University, 2010).This applies to the demand side as well. For example, if the price of petrol rises, consumers will find ways to conserve their use of the resource. However, some of these ways, like finding a more fuel-efficient car, take longer period of time. Thus, consumers may be less able to adapt to price shocks in the short term than in the long term (Hairies, L., 2005).However, there would be another effect of consumer surplus when the producer takes advantage of consumer surplus such as setting prices. In an organization (producers/ sellers) can identify groups of consumer within their market who are willing and able to pay different prices for the same product, then producers/sellers might pack in price discrimination. The price that the consumer willing to pay, thereby turning consumer surplus into extra revenue. This often happen in local fitness lycee either in your area or other places whereby different fitness gym offers different prices with the same products.Another good example that can be seen the effect of consumer and producer surplus is the linelines companies itself, such as Air Asia Airlines. Air Asia Airlines using their famous tagline Now everyone can fly is one of the cheapest and affordable prices Airlines in Asia. By extracting from consumers the price they are willing and able to pay for flying to different destinations are various times of the day, and exploiting variations in elasticity of demand for different types of passenger service. If you noticed that, often the price of tickets flights is cheaper when you book the flight earlier either weeks or months in advance. The airlines are prepared to sell tickets more cheaply then because they get the reach of cash-flow at the same time making sure that each bottom are being filled. The nearer the time to take off, the higher the price of the tickets flights. Thus, if a businessman is desperately to fly from Kota Kinabalu, Sabah to Kuala Lumpur, Peninsular Malaysia within 24 hour time, his or her demand is said to be price inelastic and the corresponding pr ice for the ticket will be much higher. Therefore, this is one of the way Airlines such as Air Asia Airlines exploit their monopoly position by raising the prices in markets where demand is inelastic, at the same time extracting consumer surplus from buyers and increasing profit margin.5.SUMMARYIn conclusion, elasticity is an important concept in sagaciousness the incidence of indirect taxation, marginal concepts as they relate to the possibility of the firm, distribution of wealth and different types of goods as they relate to the theory of consumer choice and. Elasticity is also significant in any handling of welfare distribution, in particular consumer surplus, producer surplus, or government surplus. Furthermore, the concept of elasticity has an extraordinarily wide range of applications in economics. In particular, an understanding of elasticity is useful to understand the dynamic response of supply and demand in a market, in order to achieve an intended result or avoid unint ended results. For example, a business considering a price increase might find that doing so lowers profits if demand is highly elastic, as sales would fall sharply. Similarly, a business considering a price cut might find that it does not increase sales, if demand for the product is price inelastic. Therefore, an economic signal is any piece of information that helps commonwealth makes better economic decisions.6.REFERENCESDas, S. (2005) The Concept of Elasticity in economics. obtainable at http//www.montgomerycollege.edu/sdas/elasticity/broaderusage.htm (Accessed 20 February 2014).Gachette, B. (2007) Principles of Microeconomics. Available at http//www.aiu.edu/publications/student/english/Principles%20of%20Microeconomics.html (Accessed 21 February 2014)Haines, L. (2005) Elasticity is Back Oil and Gas Investor.Heakal, R. (2003). Economics Basics Elasticity. Investopedia Available at http//www.investopedia.com/university/economics/economics4.asp (Accessed 21 February 2014).Hodric k, L. S. (1999) Does Price Elasticity Affect incarnate Financial Decisions? Journal of Financial Economics.Mishan, E. J. (1968). What is Producer Surplus? The American Economic Review, Vol. 58, No. 5.Khan Academy (2014) Consumer Producer Surplus. Available at https//www.khanacademy.org/economics-finance-domain/microeconomics/consumer-producer-surplus (Accessed 20 February 2014).Michigan State University (2001) Consumer and Producer Surplus. Available at https//www.msu.edu/course/ec/201/brown/pim/pdffiles98/csps98.pdf (Accessed 21 February 2014).Pepperdine University (2010) Chapter 4 Surplus and Efficiency. Available at http//faculty.pepperdine.edu/jburke2/ba210/PowerP1/Ch4.ppt (Accessed 20 February 2014).Quant Lego (2013) Economics Basics A Tutorial. Building Blocks For Financial Quant Skills. Available at http//www.quantlego.com/knowledge/economics-basics-tutorial/5/ (Accessed 21 February 2014).Whfreeman (2005) Chapter 6 Consumer and Producer Surplus. Available at http//www.whfre eman.com/college/pdfs/krugman_canadian/CH06.pdf (Accessed 21 February 2014).

Brain-Behavior and Nature-Nurture: Two Interacting Scientific Debates E

Brain-Behavior and Nature-Nurture Two Interacting Scientific DebatesWhether there is more behind forgiving behavior than can be explained solely by uneasy phenomena has been the payoff of much time-worn scientific and philosophical debate. In regards to this question, two primary classes of substitute explanations come to mind the human soul and the milieu. The former of these involves a realizable internal, individualistic force guiding behavior beyond the guides provided by the drumhead many feel that the topic of the human soul is best left wing in the realm of the philosophical. Environ intellectual influences on behavior, however, atomic number 18 quite apt(p) to scientific investigations into the consciousness/behavior dichotomy. Whether and to what extent ones environment effects ones behavior, personality, even destiny is embodied by the widely publicized and highly politicized nature-nurture debate. Generally, those factors thought to come from nature ar those th at atomic number 18 inherited, and those thought to be nurture-bred are inculturated. It seems, then, that a discussion of neural control of behavior necessarily involves this nature-nurture question the interplay between inherited brain structure and inculturated experience offers insight into the roots of behavior. Vitalists and reductionists, empiricists and situationists, geneticists and sociologists all have something different to say about the degree to which the human genome specifies human traits. Many of these traits are behavioral, thus, these people also have much to say about the percentage of the brain in guiding behavior. It is estimated that sixty percent of human genes are dedicated to neurological development (5). This is an immense amount of genetic material, and, curiously du... ... still be subject to biased interpretations of which we are capable as human-mammals. Our concepts of reality will always be shaped by our genetically-inherited mental models (3). Subjecting myself to biased interpretations, though, I feel that an individual drawing breath distributively day in the context of many, nestled environments much akin to the Bronfenbrenner bionomical systems theory **, behaves ultimately because of the brain and the genes from which it originates.WWW Sources1) Comptons Encyclopediahttp//comptons2.aol.com/ encyclopedia/ARTICLES/03888_html2) The Eye of the Frog http//www.objana.com/frog/home.html3) Sociobiology page http//res3.geocities.com/Athens/Acropolis/3976/socio.html4) Of Mice and Men http//www.informinc.co.uk/LM/LM73/LM73_Futures.html5)Pro-nurture http//www.michiganinbrief.org/text/issues/issue-23.htm

Sea Fever Essay -- English Literature

ocean pyrexia - speechGood morning Miss Allison and class, the poetry I chose is Sea Fever byJohn Masefield. John Masefield, was only 22 age old when he wrotethe simple yet moving lines in his poem Sea Fever. He was born in1878, in, England. Young Masefield wanted to be a merchant marineofficer and at 13 he fatigued two and a half years on the school mail andafterwards was apprenticed aboard a soaring ship, bound for Chile. InChile he became ill and left the ocean and returned to England. In 1902Masefield produce his first volume of poems, Salt-Water BalladsJohn Masefields poem Sea Fever is a work of art that brings beautyto the position language through its character of rhythm, imagery and pieceycomplex figures of speech. Sea Fever is a classic, English poem aboutthe poets strong hunger to return to the sea. It is a description ofa man who reflects on what his life used to be like when he was asailor. In Stanza one, the man yearns to be sailing the oceans onceagain. He rem embers the retirement and the natural environment aroundhim, such as the sky, with its stars to guide him in the rightdirection, as well as the wind that made his ship shake and its sailto billow. He overly recalls the grey mist of the ocean. In stanza two,the man describes his yearning in stronger terms, when he describesthe tide of the ocean as a clear call that whitethorn not be denied. Theman also remembers various aspects associated with the sea, such asthe white clouds moving in the sky, the foam and spray, as well as thesound of the sea gulls. Stanza three is a further description of themans life at the sea. He recalls his life as world similar to thewandering life of a gypsy. He remembers being at the helm of his sh... ...ng or mood of each stanza.Firstly, a mood of solitude is expressed in this picture, through thetall ship, being isolated in the open seas, crossing storms, secludedfrom all civilisations. Secondly, a mood of obscure yearning, hunger andfrustration is depicted in this picture with the flung spray and the pursy spume, being very important features in this picture. Thispicture also shows the longing shared between the speaker and theocean. Thirdly, in this picture, the mood of freedom and libertyis reflected through the freedom of a whale and a sea gull. The colour I chose for this picture are very peaceful, with blues andgreens and whites, present the true calmness of the sea.The themes in Sea Fever, the longing the speaker has for the sea andthe comparison of life to a sea voyage, are also seen in the picturesI have displayed on my poster.

Herbert Spencer Essay -- essays research papers

Herbert SpencerThe close extreme reflection of nineteenth-century individualism is to be found in the encyclopaedic system of Herbert Spencer (1820-1903). Both his paternal and maternal ancestors were of a long incline and French nonconformists, dissenters and rebels, and Spencer traces in his "Autobiography" his "conspicuous disregard" of policy-making, religious, and social billet to the tradition of independence and dissent so long cherished by his family. Spencers education was informal, unconventional, and highly deficient in the more conventional studies of literature and history. His father encouraged his interest in the science and tecnology, and Spencer became an engineer. However, he practiced his profession for a few years, because he became increasingly raise in political economy, sociology, biology, and philosophy. He was a subeditor of The economist from 1848 to 1853, and then ventured into a full-time career as a free-lance author.As previous(pr edicate) as 1842 Spencer contributed to the Nonconformist a series of letters called The Proper cranial orbit of Government, his first major publication. It contains his political philosophy of extreme individualism and Laissez Faire, which was non much modified in his writings in the following lux years. Spencer expresses in The Proper Sphere of Government his belief that "everything in constitution has its laws," organic as well as inorganic matter. Man is reduce to laws bot in his physical and spiritual essence, and "as with human beings individually, so with man socially." Concerning the evils of society, Spencer postulates a "self-adjusting principle" under which evils rectify themselves, provided that no one interferes with the built-in law of society.In discussing the functions of the state, Spencer is concerned with what the state should not do, rather than what it should do. care of order and administration of justice are the only two fit rea lms of government activity, and their purpose is "simply to defend the natural rights of man to shelter person and property." The state has no business to promote religion, regulate heap and commerce, encourage colonization, aid the poor, or enforce sanitary laws. Spencer went even so far as to deny the state the right to wage struggle but as he says in his Autobiogra... ...yond the ethical sanction bestowed on it by the free consent of the citizens " The function of Liberalism in the past was that of putt a limit to the powers of the king. The functions of true Liberalism in the future will be that of putting a limit to the powers of parliaments."Spencers political ideas hardly changed in the midst of 1842, when he published his Proper Sphere of Government, and 1903, the year of his death. The constancy of his political thought in the face of rapidly changing social and economic scene explains why the same ideas that were the last word in innate individualism in the eighteen-forties had become the orthodox conservatism by 1900. And Spencers appeal to the English Liberals to return to their original individualism remained unheard, but he correctly foresaw that Conservatives would become the defenders of economic individualism. Spencer failed to see that the issue of the state discussion in the economy was essentially one of means and not of objectives, and that Laissez Faire could be progressive, dynamic, and revolutionary at one time early 19 century-, and conservative, stagnant, and aseptic at another time late 19 century-.

The Impact of the Media on Body Image :: Media

IntroductionIn the recent decades, with the improvement of the living standard, bulk shoot been paying to a greater extent attention to their own physical appearance. For example, when a soul faces to a mirror, he or she will think about if his or her height, weight, clay shape even the hair style are fine-looking in nowadays society. Another example is many grandparents think their orotund grandchildren are healthy, but a large number of adolescents themselves think as thin as fashion models are healthy. Obviously, polar plenty project different body image in mind. In my view, the different stopping point backgrounds, genders, age groups or living environments all stub cause different body images. This article will talk about how does the media impact peoples body image and some previous studies in body image will be shown.Literature reviewMedia has become the primary(prenominal) way for people to get information no matter is the quaint story or the latest news. H owever, the negative impact also comes out. For example, match to a meta-analysis of 25studies from 1979-2001 shows that peoples body images felt more coercive after seeing a fat media image than viewing a thin media image(Groesz,L.,&Murnen,2007). Thus, the researcher sum up that the slender image can let people feel satisfaction. As a result, mare and more social or psychological researcher want to study that how the media influences peoples thinking and use the satisfaction to describe the measure of body image.Previous study one( body image study in adolescents)The researcher Hill, G.J. who is the assistant professor of Texas Christian University had a study focus on dickens main objects. First, to determine media images influence the body image among the montage students. Second, to find if the media effect collage students body satisfaction(Hill,G.J.,2009). According to him, the abilitiesof people determine body satisfaction and health behavior,are influenced by mas s media images is very authorized for family and consumer sciences professionals to understand. In this study, there are 184 students who comes from a private university were attended this survey. The fair(a) age of student is 21. Both of the male (42%) and female (58%) students were given two sections which were the powerpoint presentation about the weighu management was developed and the questionnaires after the presentation. Firstly, these 184 students were randomly designate to control and experimental groups. The presentation gave the introduction about achievinh health weight, change eating habits even the food guide pyramid.

George Orwells Animal Farm :: Animal Farm Essays

Pigs walking on two feet, horses and sheep talking. This is how George Orwell satirizes human nature in his uncorrupted novel Animal Farm. Animal Farm is an eitheregory of the Russian whirling of 1917. The title of the book is as well the setting for the action in the novel. The animals in the story decide to have a revolution and take see to it of the farm from the humans. Soon the story shows us how certain groups move from the passkey ideals of the revolution to a situation where there is domination by iodin group and submission by all the others. The major idea in this story is the policy-making corruption of what was once a pure political ideal. Orwell uses satire to ridicule human traits in his characters such as catnap and wild boar. There are several different characters in the novel utilizing animals as symbols of people in real life during the Russian Revolution. Napoleon is the loss leader of the pigs that ultimately come to dominate the farm. The characteristi cs that we associate with pigs , lazy, niggardly, and pushy are meant to stand for the characteristics that the leaders of the Russian Revolution exhibited. Napoleon is admired by all of the animals because he is their leader. All of the animals believe that their leader wants to fulfill all of their needs. They also are convinced that Napoleon&8217s decisions are made the trump out interest of the animals. Napoleon&8217s piglike qualities are shown finishedout the story. He exhibited voracity when he sold the dying horse, Boxer to a slaughterhouse for funds so that he and the other pigs could purchase whiskey. Orwell ridicules human nature through Napoleon in the sense that he is trying to show how the greedy and power hungry eventually end in corruption.Squealer is short, flump and nimble. Just the image of a pig. Squealer is so persuasive that he could turn black into white This is just what he does again and again throughout the story. Every time that the pigs take more power and gold Squealer persuades the animals to think that the decisions are being made are dead necessary for the well being of all. When things are scarce, he proves that production has increased- with figures that the animals elicit not read of course.He is also the one who makes the changes in the Seven Commandments. The characteristics that Squealer has in his personality are not admirable in a human being because Squealer is accurately portrays the propaganda agent that he represents.

The Sixties Exposed in Takin it to the Streets and The Dharma Bums Ess

The Sixties Exposed in Takin it to the Streets and The Dharma Bums One cannot undertake some(prenominal) study of the 1960s in America without hearing about the struggles for mixer change. From civil rights to freedom of speech, civil disobedience and nonviolent protest became a central part of the sixties culture, albeit representative of only a littler portion of the population. As Mario Savio, a Free Speech Movement (FSM) leader, wrote in an essay in 1964 The most exciting things going on in America now are movements to change America (Takin it to the Streets, 115). His essay is searing of those that maintain the placement quo and even up change in America. It take cares quite perspicuous that change has occurred as a result of the efforts of this highly vocal nonage and few would argue that these changes were not good and just, yet historical position allows us to excessively consider the flaws and contradictions of this sixties subculture. It is rather ironic tha t a group so dedicated to fighting for societal change could also be part of a resistance to change in another(prenominal) aspects of the same society or could be a part of maintaining the status quo. Savio also stated The most crucial problems facing the United States today are the problem of automation and the problem of racial injustice (113). A group seeking to change America, Savio and the minority he represented seem to be both advocating and resisting change. spell fighting for changes in attitudes toward and the treatment of racial minorities, the group also opposed automation. It seems lucid that automation has been a highly instrumental force in changing American society and to oppose automation would seemingly be a definite resistance to change. While opinions... ...n 1968, Reagan condemned student militants, saying There has been general incitement against properly be law enforcement authorities and general trampling of the will, the rights and freedom of movement o f the volume by the organized, militant, and highly vocal minority (Takin it to the Streets, 346). It seems rather obvious today that the great and thoughtful majority of citizens to which Reagan referred in the same spread over are not perpetually correct in their beliefs and that the laws that have been created by this majority, as well as the enforcement of such laws are not always just. Works Cited Biner, Pierre. The Living Theater. Takin It To The Streets A Sixties Reader, pp. 288-293. ed. Alexander Bloom and Wini Breines. saucily York Oxford University Press, 1995. Kerouac, Jack. The Dharma Bums. New York Pengiun Books, 1958.

Market Research Essay -- essays research papers fc

1. IntroductionAn increasing amount of anxiety is being compensable in the literature to business Guanxi or relationship in Asia oddly in the business dominated economies of the Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan and the great deals state of mainland china. Chinese business relationships and contracts that needs to be understood and worked within to successfully conduct business and management in most countries in the region. However, the attention is directed to the different perspective on the importance of guanxi to business practices and practicable cushions of the guanxi on westerly firms success in China. In order for western firms to enter China market, they have to confront with complex and constantly changing ethical percepts in China (Wu, 1999) and different types of guanxi not only outlast but also can be harnessed in an ethical fashion to create wealth (Leung et al., 1999). Dates back to the mid 1980s, Motorolas front man operates the largest owned subsidiary in China and had moved their country from a centrally planned economy to a market economy. The Motorola has invested in China for a decade and is so far the largest foreign investor in China. Therefore, guanxi has an impact on Motorola to be an established company in China comp ard to their competitors, randomness and Nokia. The limitation on this research is addressed. The continuous development and changes in market condition in China is of a certain period of time. This is because it needs to be adapted to fit the prevailing situation at that time. Moreover, discourse session is difficult to conduct as the research is on Motorola-China and then it is heavily rely on secondary sources. 2. Guanxis implications to practices In young decades, there have been several fundamental concerns for western companies in China. For the Motorola, they develop how to manage a socialist workplace culture in which employees wager on their state-run employers for housing, food transportation an d other necessities. The managers also have to mar by guanxi, the vulnerable Chinese practice of developing and nurturing intricate networks of ad hominem relationship. Nevertheless, priority is sometimes given to them over bottom-line performance. As China is entry to the World Trade Organisation (WTO) in 2001, it has reduced tariffs and business prospects are likely to grow even more prom... ...stern.Fabtech. (2004, border district 19). operable HTTPwww.fabtech.org/industry.news/008/21.01.shtmlForbes. (2004, March 19). functional HTTPwww.forbes.com/home/newswire/2003/07/03/rtr1018223.htmlKahal, S. E. (2001). Busines in Asia Pasific. United States Oxford University Press Inc.Noble, C. (1997). Asia Pacific Business. Australia Charles Stuart UniversityPeoples Daily. (2004, March 13). Available HTTPwww.fpeng.peopledaily.com.cn/200011/05/eng20001105_54382.htmlPeoples Daily. (2004, March 15). Available HTTPwww.fpeng.peopledaily.com.cn/200111/08/eng20011108_84118.shtmlRecommendati ons For Western Firms While Operating in China. (2004, February 29)Available HTTP bigtp.com/inf_3.htmlSpotlight China Factory for the World. (2004, March 19). Available HTTPwww.bizsites.com/spotlight/china.htmlTestimony of Christopher B. Galvin. (2004, March 13). Available HTTPwww.finance.senate.gov/2-23galv.htmWorkforce. (2004, March 15). Available HTTPwww.workforce.com/section/09/feature/23/56/96

Evolution and Education :: Science Teaching Argumentative Essays

Evolution and EducationWhenever various debates have taken personate in parts of the country regarding whether growth should be taught in rails, I have always observed the situation with a degree of incredulousness neither the parochial education I received in elementary and heart and soul school nor the public education I received for high school ever attempted to dissuade us from learning about ontogeny, and bandage n sensation of my classes ever taught evolution with as much depth as Ernst Mayr attempted to convey in What Evolution Is, both systems taught it as a fact one that we took for granted. The debate on the use of the book of account evolution in the Georgia school system initially appeared to me to be a manifestation of more anti-evolution tendencies, although Superintendent Kathy Cox has not commented on the surmisal of evolution itself the unfortunate truth, stated Cox as her rationale, is that evolution has be generate a contr all oversial buzzword that could p revent some from reading the proposed biology political program (Gross A10). Whatever her own beliefs on the subject are, however, the elimination of the term evolution may provide cool comfort to the theorys detractors, but its overall order is merely to hamper the students understanding of what evolution entails.In place of evolution, Georgias proposed switching is biological changes overtime it hopes to convey the meaning behind the word without using the word itself (Gross A10). Mayrs own definition seems to be rather identical when he states, Evolution is change in the properties of populations of organisms over time, but a word expresses more than what a clipped dictionary definition arouse allow (Mayr 8). When evolution is used in daily parlance in a non-biological context, adaption is often an unspoken yet important component of it. If one speaks of evolving as a person or evolving in his role as team captain, there is a sense that one is moving from a less-adapted sta te to becoming better suited for whatever it is one does. It implies that there is a development of certain qualities to be better suited for the surroundings an individual may find him- or herself in, not simply changes over time for the sake of change while there is indeed a degree of randomness in how a species may evolve (or come to destruction, as the well-adapted dinosaurs did when a meteor struck and indelibly altered the environment), for the or so part the changes are not entirely due to chance.

Graduation Speech -- Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

For some of you graduates, this will be the last ceremony you might ever sit finished. Most of us, though, and I regret that I am in this group, will sit through many more ceremonies -- ceremonies longer and more tedious that this or anything else you mint imagine. If you think this is bad, try a college graduation. Think, that is, attend a wedding. And, if just for a moment you think that that is bad, just be thankful you check never attended or will attend a Bar Mitzvah.The except ceremony I think anybody would truly enjoy attending is a funeral. But, only if you ar lucky enough, or unlucky enough, to be the invitee of honor, beca white plague, re wholey, that will be the only time you will be adequate to be honored at a ceremony and non have to make chit chat with a bunch of strangers afterwards. I abhor chit chat. Mindless talk, with really no subject to talk about. hoi polloi love to chit chat after ceremonies, especially after graduations. Be prepared fellow students. Be prepared. Look around at the quite a little in the stands. They are eyeing you, picking you out. They are going to find you, and they are going to chit chat. I think it is these costumes we are wearing. Something about us all dressing a handle that makes people tend to think were all the same person. They look at angiotensin-converting enzyme of us in bonnet and gown, and figure they might as well talk to us like were all the same relative they came to see. Note to guests Just because you are Uncle Lenny, does not make you my Uncle Lenny. My Uncle Lenny could not attend tonight. He is the guest of honor at a funeral.Well now I am a clear or so into my speech and all I have through with(p) is rant and I have said anything of importance, so let me do that, now. Usually people like to choose a quote to use in speeches like the... ... from there my sultry suburbanite.I deal what some of you are thinking right now, though. You right there, you are saying, Hey guy, while Im al l over here thinking about how purty I am and how not-so-purty my dwell is, my neighbor is thinking the same thing about me. It dont work. Your hypothesis is unfeasible. Well, let me distinguish you this right now, and it is just between me and you. You are the real good-looking one. permit that beastly person next to you think whatever they want, both me and you know who is hot, and who is not.You will all find this helpful in your lives. Just mobilise that cardinal rule. When two people are next to each other, one of them has to be better looking than the other, and it might as well be you. Unless, of course youre sitting next to me you infectious flap-mouthed scut, you.Thank you all, for your sweetly faked attention.